Since qubits cannot be copied, classical signal amplification is not possible. These switches need to preserve quantum coherence, which makes them more challenging to realize than standard optical switches.įinally, one requires a quantum repeater to transport qubits over long distances. Third, to make maximum use of communication infrastructure, one requires optical switches capable of delivering qubits to the intended quantum processor. For networked quantum computing, in which quantum processors are linked at short distances, different wavelengths are chosen depending on the exact hardware platform of the quantum processor. For the purpose of quantum communication, standard telecom fibers can be used. Second, to transport qubits from one node to another, we need communication lines. Some applications of a quantum internet require quantum processors of several qubits as well as a quantum memory at the end nodes. These end nodes are quantum processors of at least one qubit. First, we have end nodes on which applications are ultimately run. The basic structure of a quantum network and more generally a quantum internet is analogous to a classical network. Overview of the elements of a quantum network A simulation of an entangled quantum system on a classical computer cannot simultaneously provide the same security and speed. Quantum internet applications require only small quantum processors, often just a single qubit, because quantum entanglement can already be realized between just two qubits. This is in contrast to quantum computing where interesting applications can only be realized if the (combined) quantum processors can easily simulate more qubits than a classical computer (around 60 ). For most quantum internet protocols, such as quantum key distribution in quantum cryptography, it is sufficient if these processors are capable of preparing and measuring only a single qubit at a time. Most applications of a quantum internet require only very modest quantum processors. A quantum internet supports many applications, which derive their power from the fact that by creating quantum entangled qubits, information can be transmitted between the remote quantum processors. This way, local quantum networks can be intra connected into a quantum internet. In the realm of quantum communication, one wants to send qubits from one quantum processor to another over long distances. Currently quantum processors are only separated by short distances. Like classical computing, this system is scalable by adding more and more quantum computers to the network. This is analogous to connecting several classical computers to form a computer cluster in classical computing. Less powerful computers can be linked in this way to create one more powerful processor. Doing this creates a quantum computing cluster and therefore creates more computing potential. Networked quantum computing or distributed quantum computing works by linking multiple quantum processors through a quantum network by sending qubits in-between them. 2.2 Communication lines: physical layerīasics Quantum networks for computation.1.3 Overview of the elements of a quantum network.
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